Jade has long been a symbol of nobility and eternity across many cultures, particularly in East Asia. However, today’s market is filled with various types and names of jade—jadeite jade, nephrite jade, fei-cui jade, and more—making it challenging for buyers, especially newcomers, to differentiate and appraise them accurately. This article delves into the distinctions, characteristics, and values of different types of jade, helping you understand all kinds of jade and make informed investment decisions.
Humankind’s fascination with jade dates back over 7,000 years. At that time, limited scientific knowledge and technology meant that all forms of jade were grouped under a single term: jade.
In 1863, French scientist Alexis Damour discovered that what was previously thought to be one type of jade was actually two distinct minerals: jadeite (commonly referred to as “jadeite jade”) and nephrite (commonly referred to as “nephrite jade”).
In English, the distinction between these two types is clear: jade is categorized into jadeite jade and nephrite jade. However, Vietnamese terminology lacks standardization. Sometimes, “jadeite jade” is called “cẩm thạch” (marble), while “nephrite jade” is referred to as “ngọc bích” (green jade).
In this article, we’ll adopt the following terms: “jadeite jade” will be referred to as jadeite jade, while “nephrite jade” will simply be nephrite.
Now, let’s dive deeper into the unique characteristics of each type of jade.
Nephrite jade (traditional jade)
Nephrite is a calcium-magnesium silicate belonging to the amphibole group. Its dense, fibrous structure makes it tougher than jadeite, despite being slightly lower in hardness, scoring 6.0–6.5 on the Mohs scale.
This was the gemstone of ancient China, sourced from deposits in Central Asia (modern-day Xinjiang, China) and used for crafting as early as the 7th millennium BCE. Nephrite varies in shades of green, yellow, gray, and light brown, but the creamy white variety—known as “mutton fat jade” in China—was especially prized by the nobility and scholars of that era.
Because of its wide range of colors, ancient Chinese jade artifacts often exhibit variegated patterns rather than uniform tones. To achieve a chalky white or ivory appearance, nephrite was sometimes subjected to extreme heat (approximately 1,025°C), producing a type of jade called “chicken bone jade.”
Nephrite deposits can be found in China, Myanmar, New Zealand, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Zimbabwe, Russia, and the United States.
Key Features of Nephrite:
Structure: Nephrite has a fibrous texture, making it durable and less prone to breaking compared to jadeite.
Hardness: 6.0–6.5 on the Mohs scale.
Color: Often light green, moss green, or milky white (commonly called white jade or bạch ngọc).
Origins: Prominent sources include Canada, New Zealand, Russia, and China.
Historical Significance: Favored since ancient times, particularly in China and other East Asian cultures.
Commercial Value:
Nephrite is generally less valuable than jadeite but still holds significant worth if it has good color and transparency.
Applications: Nephrite is widely used for large sculptures, feng shui items, interior decorations, tools, and jewelry.
Jadeite jade:
Jadeite is a sodium aluminum silicate from the pyroxene group. Thanks to its chemical composition and crystalline structure, jadeite exhibits higher transparency and brilliance compared to nephrite. It is also harder, scoring 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness.
While often recognized for its vibrant green hue, natural jadeite jade also occurs in rarer colors such as black, white, red, pink, orange, purple, and blue.
Jadeite was introduced to China from Myanmar (then Burma) in 1784 and gained immense popularity during the Qing Dynasty in the 19th century. At that time, Empress Dowager Cixi was captivated by the stone, inspiring officials and the elite to seek ownership of it. Today, jadeite is rarer and more valuable than nephrite. When heated, jadeite becomes glass-like in luster and can deform.
The world’s largest and highest-quality jadeite deposits are located in Myanmar, with smaller quantities found in countries like Russia, Canada, Japan, and Guatemala.
Key Features of Jadeite:
Structure: Jadeite has a fine-grained crystalline structure, resulting in high luster and hardness (6.5–7.0 on the Mohs scale).
Colors: Predominantly green, but also found in purple (lavender), white, yellow, and red hues.
Origins: Primarily sourced from Myanmar, with smaller deposits in Guatemala and Japan.
Commercial Value: High-quality jadeite (Imperial grade) commands premium prices, especially if it possesses a uniform “Imperial Green” color.
Evaluating Value:
Transparency: The greater the transparency, the higher the value.
Color: Deep, uniform green is the most sought-after.
Treatment: Check for chemical treatments, such as polymer coatings.
Fei-cui Jade
Fei-cui jade refers specifically to the highest-grade jadeite jade, a term coined by the Chinese to describe jade with exceptional color quality.
Fei-cui represents the pinnacle of jadeite jade. Out of the massive volume of jadeite mined, only a minuscule fraction qualifies as fei cui—a rare and immensely valuable treasure.
Fei-cui jadeite is not limited to green but also appears in yellow, purple, black, red, and white hues. The name Fei-cui originates from two distinctive colors: fei represents red, while cui refers to green. While the origins of this name remain a topic of debate among experts, the term evokes an image of a rare, exquisite, and regal gemstone.
No single jade stone is universally deemed “the most beautiful.” The perfection of jade depends on personal taste and preference. However, vivid green Fei-cui jadeite (Imperial Jade) typically holds the highest value in the market, not only for its unique color but also for its historical significance. During the Qing Dynasty, Empress Dowager Cixi—an icon of power and sophistication—had a profound admiration for bright green Fei-cui jadeite. Her fondness elevated its status, making it coveted by both the court and the general populace.
Fei-cui jadeite can be found worldwide in countries like the United States, Russia, and China. However, Myanmar remains the source of the most highly valued jadeite. The oldest jade mines are located in northern Myanmar, where Chinese merchants have been mining for thousands of years.
Today, natural Fei-cui jadeite is exceedingly rare and commands exorbitant prices. In modern terminology, jadeite jade is often generically referred to as Fei-cui jade.
Key features of fei-cui jade:
Colors: Fei Cui often showcases green or green with a hint of purple.
Feng Shui Significance: Represents wealth, health, and prosperity.
Origins: Primarily Myanmar.
Market Value: The highest among all types of jadeite.
Comparison Table of Jade Types
Feature | Nephrite jade | Jadeite jade | Fei-cui jade |
Hardness | 6.0 - 6.5 | 6.5 - 7.0 | 6.5 - 7.0 |
Structure | Fibrous | Fine-grained crystals | Fine-grained crystals |
Common Colors | Moss green, white | Green, purple | Green, purple |
Sources | Canada, China, New Zealand, Myanma | Myanmar, Guatemala | Myanmar, Guatemala |
Value | Lower than jadeite | High for consistent quality and color | Highest for consistent quality and color |
Investing in Jadeite Jade
For centuries, jadeite has symbolized luxury and served as a long-term investment for the elite. Among the various types, jadeite—especially green and purple Fei Cui jadeite—has always been regarded as an invaluable asset in Asia. The allure of jade lies not only in its beauty but also in its spiritual and feng shui significance. In Asian culture, jade is believed to protect health, attract wealth, and bring peace to its owner.
The value of jadeite has steadily increased over time. In recent auctions, Fei Cui jadeite has demonstrated its appeal, with collectors willing to spend millions of dollars on exquisite pieces. It is not merely a gemstone but a symbol of status and power in society.
An ancient Chinese proverb states, “Gold has a price; jade is priceless.” This saying highlights the unique importance of jade in Chinese culture. Beyond its aesthetic value, Fei Cui jadeite is considered a symbol of prosperity, longevity, and good fortune. For centuries, royal families have regarded jade as an emblem of authority and wealth. Jadeite jewelry or artifacts are often passed down through generations as treasured heirlooms.
To invest in jadeite wisely, it is essential to acquire knowledge about jade, clearly define your investment goals, assess the quality of the jade piece, and choose reputable sellers.
Understanding Investment Goals:
Personal Jewelry: Choose jadeite for luxury and long-term value. Nephrite is suitable for those seeking durability.
Feng Shui: Fei-cui jadeite is highly favored for its auspicious meanings.
Long-Term Investment: Jadeite, especially Imperial Green, is the top choice.
Evaluating Jade Quality:
Certification: Only purchase jade with certificates from reputable organizations.
Treatment Check: Ensure the jade is not chemically treated, fake, or dyed.
Choosing a Reputable Seller:
Only buy jade from trusted brands with verified quality and proper certification.
Request thorough appraisal and professional consultation before making a decision.
Understanding the Market:
The price of jadeite and Fei Cui jade has surged in recent years, particularly in China and Southeast Asia.
Nephrite jade has more stable pricing, making it a budget-friendly option.
Jade is not only a precious piece of jewelry but also a symbol of feng shui and cultural heritage. Distinguishing between jadeite, nephrite, Fei Cui, and marble is essential for both investment and practical use. Always research carefully and choose reputable suppliers to ensure the value of your investment.
Lucky Qi